1. 单元内容介绍与分析
2. 重点词汇与短语讲解
3. 重，难点句的解释与分析
知识总结与归纳：
（一）单元内容介绍与分析：
1. 本单元的中心话题是“拯救地球’，具体涉及地球所面临的问题、造成这些问题的原因和解决问题的办法等。语言技能和语言知识都是围绕拯救地球这一中心话题设计的。
2. 学习材料：听力”（Listening）部分提供了一段演说词，谈到了地球所面临的问题。第一部分要求学生通过听弄清说话者的观点，并根据所听内容预测下文；第二部分要求学生列出说话人的观点等，然后预测下文。
“阅读”（Reading）部分是一篇关于“地球峰会”的介绍性文章。文章介绍了2002年在南非首都约翰内斯堡召开的“地球峰会（The Earth Summit）”的基本情况，包括会议召开的背景、会议的主题以及与会者所讨论的主要问题和提出的解决办法等。通过对该文章的阅读，可以丰富学生有关本单元主题的语言和信息。
“综合技能”部分设计了听、说、写的活动，以写为主线。听的内容是“地球峰会”上的两篇发言。在听的基础上，要求学生陈述他们的观点。写的活动包括听中补充提纲，听后写要点、提纲以及说后写段落，环环相扣，层层深入。
“语言学习”：掌握有关倒装句的几个常用结构。
（二）词汇学习：
运用构词知识理解下列单词：
ecology；environmentalist；sustainable；killer；equality；fairness；responsibility；cooperation；willingness；incorrect
（三）重点词汇与短语的用法：
1. issue：问题；争议；发行；分配，期刊
You will attend the meeting and discuss the issue.
I just got a rise, so money is no longer an issue.
Unemployment is not the issue-the real problem is the decline in public morality.
The article will appear in the next month's issue.
The post office issued the stamps last week.
2. content：内容；目录；容量；满足；满意
Without reading the text, try to predict its content.
The content of your essay is excellent, but it’s not very well expressed.
注意表达“满足，满意”的短语：
be content with sth.
be content to do sth.
He is content with life.
John seems content to sit in front of the television all night.
3. access：接近；进入；接近……的方法；到达……的权利
20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.
The house is in the center part of the town with good access to the shops.
Hospitals should give patients the right of access to their medical records.
All the branch managers can access the data bank of the general office.
4. responsibility：责任；责任心；职责
Rich countries have a responsibility towards poor countries and must do whatever they can to help others.
Taking care of family is a big responsibility.
注意构词形式：responsibility的形容词形式为responsible；常见短语是：be responsible for：替/对……负责。
She is my student, and I must be responsible for her.
5. in harmony with：与…协调/和谐；反义词out of harmony with
With better education, people will be able to build a better Society in harmony with nature and perhaps put an end to the death and sufferings caused by the big three.
His tastes are in harmony with mine.
Bob and I worked together in harmony for years.
6. put an end to：结束
We must put an end to this foolish behaviour.
The chief task of the moment is to put an end to the terrible pollution in the rivers.
（四）辨析下列单词（近义词）
1. affect / effect
affect：动词：影响；感动；侵袭
effect：名词：影响，效果；常见短语：have an effect on sb./ sth.
What we do is important because it affects the environment.
All the people in the room were affected to tears.
The medicine has little effect on the old man.
2. defend / protect / guard
defend：用武力或其他措施保护人们不受损害。辩护。
protect：用各种安全防御措施尽力照顾某人不受损害。
guard： 留心守望，警戒
Make sure that you are ready to answer questions and defend your argument.
It is the duty of every Chinese citizen to defend motherland.
Clothes protect us from cold.
Tow big dogs guard the farm.
（五）重，难点句的解释与分析
1. One of the main themes Of the summit was “sustainable development’，or the question of how we can continue developing the world without damaging the environment.
其主题之一是“可持续发展”，也就是如何在不破坏环境的情况下使世界继续发展的问题。
（1）句中or意为“也就是：即”，用于补充说明上文的内容。例如：
The company is paying the rent or at least Contributing to it
or的用法很多，除了上述的意思外，常见的还有：
Don’t put anything plastic in the oven or it will probably start melting.
Are you going with your parents or by yourself ?
（2）without doing结构在句子中作状语，表示“在没发生……情况下”。
They left the school in a hurry, without saying goodbye to anyone.
2. Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths.
仅空气污染就造成了近三百万人死亡。
（1）alone在此是副词，用在名词或代词后面，表示“只，只有；仅仅”。
He alone is not responsible for it.
Money alone cannot make you happy.
alone还可以解释“单独地；独自地”。
He likes to go it alone in everything.
alone作形容词时，解释“单独的; 唯一的：独一无二的”，在句子作表语。
I am not alone in this opinion.
（2）deaths：可数名词：死亡的人数。不可数名词指：死亡。
3. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.
如果我们要成功地开发世界，就必须确保人人都能够参与我们创造的新世界。
be +to do sth这个结构常常表示安排，命令、职责、义务、目的、用途，可能性、命中注定等含义。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate.
You are to be back by 10 o'clock.
The prize is to honour him for his great discovery.
4. Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others.
富国对于穷国负有责任，他们必须尽可能地帮助其他国家。
do whatever one can相当于do what one can，只是前者的语气更强。
（六）阅读材料中的典型倒装句：
1. Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.
没有国际合作，发展中国家合作就不可能繁荣，可持续发展也就不可能实现。
由nor，neither，not，hardly，seldom, never等表示否定意思的词位于句首时，句子采用部分倒装结构。部分倒装类似一般疑问句结构。
Never have I met him.
Seldom have we seen such big melons.
Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking.
2. Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
只有我们改变自己的生活方式，才能拯救地球。
由“only+状语”结构位于句首，句子也需采用部分倒装结构。
Only in this way can you work out the maths problem.
Only when Tom returns this afternoon will the meeting began.
3. Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, 1 would never have bought one.
要是我以前知道空调会造成大量的污染，我就不会买它了。
这是一个含有虚拟语气结构的句子，其中条件句的引导词if被省略，按照倒装句的规则，采用部分倒装句。原结构是
If I had known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, 1 would never have bought one.
4. A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.
更好地了解环保是必要的，行动的愿望也是必要的。
as相当于so：通常表达“……也是一样”可以说：as / so is（was ; does; do; did….）+主语。
He believed, as did all his family, that God would bless them.
【典型例题】
单项选择：
1. We sat there, with what we listened to.
A. satisfying B. to satisfy C. contented D. content
答案：D
分析：content形容词，作伴随状语；也可以用satisfied。
2. Passengers are _____ to be careful of pickpockets.
A. hoped B. informed C. advised D. suggested
答案：C
分析：句意为“乘客被告知要谨防小偷。”advise sb. to do sth．变形为be advised to do sth…其他三项都不能用于这一结构中。
3. When she fainted, her friends opened a window and put cold water on her face to her.
A. refine B. revive C. revise D. reverse
答案：B
分析：句意为“她昏倒后，她的朋友们打开窗户，井把凉水洒在她的脸上，以使她苏醒过来。”revive使苏醒，与句意吻合。
4. No one was ____ for the damage of the broken window, because it was broken by the storm .
A. excused B. considered C. responsible D. possible
答案：C
分析：be responsible for.: 对……负责。
5. You must to this bad behaviour.
A. give up B. do away C. put an end D. make way
答案：C
分析：句意为“你必须克服这个恶习。”put an end to sth. 去掉……与句意吻合。
6. Some people say that students' progress in school is __ by environment and heredity.
A. effected B. affected C. offered D. afforded
答案：B
分析：“有些人认为学生们在学校的进步是会受到环境和遗传因素影响的。”affect影响，与句意吻合。
7. The branches could hardly the weight of the fruit.
A. retain B. sustain C. maintain D. remain
答案：B
分析：sustain the weight of sth. 支撑某物。retain保留；保持，maintain维持，remain剩下，留下。
8. Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ____ to the health service.
A. appointment B. assignment C. exception D. access
答案：D
分析：“估计有超过三分之一的人没有机会享受健康服务。”have（no）access to“有（没有）机会进入（享受；使用）……”。
9. The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been ____.
A. identified B. informed C. conveyed D. undertaken
答案：A
分析：identify认出；识别，inform通知；告知，convey传播；传达，undertake保证。句意为“癌症的根本起因还不清楚，但某些可能会导致癌症的条件已被发现。”
10. There was once a town in this country where all life seemed to live in ___ with its surroundings.
A. chance B. harmony C. ability. D. introduction
答案：B
分析：句意为“在这个国家曾有一个小城镇，那儿所有的生命与周围的环境都和谐地生存着。”in harmony with协调一致；和谐，与句意吻合。
【模拟试题】（答题时间：60分钟）
一. 单项选择：
1. The doctor telephoned to say that he couldn’t ____ the meeting because he had to ___ a patient.
A. came to; attend to B. attend; attend
C. join; treat D. attend on; look after
2. Once out of the earth’s gravity, the astronaut is by the problem of weightlessness.
A. affected B. effected C. related D. offered
3. Access the mountain-town is often difficult because of the bad roads.
A. of B. with C. to D. on
4. is a good chance that I'I1 finish the work tomorrow.
A. It B. There C. This D. That
5. He soon found himself his new co-workers.
A. in harmony of B. in the harmony of
C. in harmony with D. in the harmony with
6. Her father gave her the ___ of going on to college or starting to work.
A. chance B. opportunity C. alternative D. possibility
7. They their side of the field very well.
A. defended B. protected C. keep D. prevent
8. I feel that it was time for me to ____.
A. take actions B. take an action
C. take the action D. take action
9. The town’s drinking-water _____ with prim chemicals at present.
A. contaminates B. is contaminated
C. is being contaminated D. has been contaminated
10. The students on the professor’s lecture now and then.
A. took note B. took notes C. took notice D. took action
11. Only after reaching eighteen join the army.
A. have you; you can B. have you; can you
C. you have; you can D. you have; can you
12. So funny ___ that everyone burst into laughing.
A. she looked B. was she looking
C. did she look D. had she looked
13. a nice man that we all believe him.
A. So; he seined B. So; did he seem
C. Such; he seethed D. Such; did he seem
14. ____ sat down for a rest the door bell rang.
A. Hardly I had; when B. Hardly I had; than
C. Hardly had I; than D. Hardly had h when
15. Not only ____ this machine, but ____ it.
A. can he run; can he repair B. he can run; can he repair
C. he can run; he can repair D. can he run; he ran repair
二. 阅读理解：
（A）
The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched（茅草盖的）roof cottages around a church; a drive through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of thatched farm buildings--these are still common sights in parts of England. Most people will agree that the thatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the
English countryside.
Thatching is in fact the oldest of all the building crafts（行业）practiced in the British Isles. Although thatch has always been used for cottages and farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches, too.
Thatching is a solitary（独自的）craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practiced today has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter.
In fact, if we look at developing countries, over half the world lives under thatch, but they all do it in different ways. People in developing countries are often unwilling to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modem buildings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import the necessary materials. Their temporary（临时的）small mud house with thatched roofs of wild grasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done in the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defense against the heat.
1. Which of the following remains a unique feature of the English countryside ?
A. Narrow streets lined with pink or white farm buildings.
B. Rolling hills with pretty farm buildings.
C. Cottage with thatched roofs.
D. Churches with cottages around them.
2. What do we know about thatching as a craft?
A. It is a collective activity.
B. It is in most cases handed down among family members.
C. It is quite different from what it used to be.
D. It is practiced on farms all over England.
3. People in developed countries also live under thatch because
A. thatched cottages are a big tourist attraction
B. thatched roof houses are the cheapest
C. thatch is an effective defense against the heat.
D. they like thatched houses better than other buildings
4. Thatched houses are still preferred because of
A. their style and comfort
B. their high quality
C. their easy keeping
D. their ready-made materials
（B）
Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but in fact it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of savage（野人）. It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill smelling color, and large piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness. The town contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited（居住）by people equally like one another.
A sunny midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes even in Coketown. Seen from a distance in such a weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own. You only knew the town was there, because you knew there could have been no such a place upon the view without a town.
The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day, and the sun was so bright that it even shone through the smoke over Coketown, and could not be looked at steadily. Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals. The whole town seemed to be frying in oil. There was a smell of hot oil everywhere. The atmosphere of those places was like the breath of hell（地狱）, and their inhabitants wasting with heat, walked lazily in the desert. But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane（理智的）. Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry. The measured movement of their shadows of wood; while for the summer noise of insects, it could offer all the year round, from the dawn of Monday to the night of Saturday.
1. Which of the following words is NOT properly used to describe Coketown ?
A. unpleasant B. dirty C. noisy D. deserted
2. From the passage we know that Coketown was mainly a（n）_____town.
A. industrial B. agricultural C. historical D. cultural
3. Only _____ were not affected by weather.
A. the workmen B. the habitants C. the steam-engines D. the woods
4. Which is the author’s opinion of Coketown?
A. Coketown should be replaced by woods
B. The town had too much oil in it
C. The town was seriously polluted
D. The town’s atmosphere was unchanged
三. 短文改错：
When Joe left university, he got a good work in a bike factory. 1. ______
But after he had been worked there for some years, he decided 2. ______
to have change, so he put a notice in several newspapers, 3. ______
saying what experiences he had and the kind of job he would 4. ______
like to have. One of the answers he accepted was from a man 5. ______
was looking for a job, too. This man wrote to him, “Dear, sir, 6. ______
when you get a new job, be kind enough to give your name and 7. ______
address to your present boss as I have been trying to find 8. ______
a position like yours for a long time.” After he reads the letter, 9. ______
he suddenly realized that what he had done was real foolish. 10. _____
【试题答案】
一. 单项选择：
1. B 参加会议常用attend（be present at）the meeting，照看病人可用attend（on）a patient或look after a patient。
2. A 句意为“一旦摆脱了地球吸引力，宇航员就受到失重问题的影响。”affect vt. 影响，与句意吻合。
3. C “由于路况不好，进入山城总是很难。access to… 进入……接近……为一固定用法。
4. B there is a good chance（that）… 有可能发生某事，为一固定句型。
5. C in harmony with 与……和睦；与……和谐．为一固定短语。
6. C 句意为“她父亲让她在上大学继续求学和开始工作之间作出抉择。alternative“两者（或两者以上）选一”，与句意相符。
7. A 句意为“他们侧面防守很好。”defend防守；防御，与句意吻合。
8. D take action采取行动．为一固定短语。
9. C “这城市的饮用水目前正受到有毒化学药品的污染。”drinking-water与contaminate之间存在被动关系，由at present可知应用进行时的被动式，
10. B “学生们听教授讲课时不时地做笔记。”take notes“做笔记”，为一固定搭配。
11. D 在only之后的从句要倒装。
12. C look作“看起来”讲时无进行时态，空格处无需使用完成时。
13. D “such+名词”位于句首时，句子要倒装。
14. D Hardly…when…表示“一……就……”，位于句首时，主句要倒装。
15. D not only引导的句子中前一个分句倒装，后一个分句不倒装。
二. 阅读理解：
（A）
1. C 从文中第一段最后一句可知，茅草屋成为英国农村一道独特的（unique）风景o
2. B 从第三段第一句话可知。
3. C 从全文最后一句话可知。
4. A 人们今天仍然在使用茅草屋是因为它们的经济与实用（冬暖夏凉）。
（B）
1. D 从全文对整个小镇的描述看；小镇让人感到不舒服，肮脏，充满了噪音。所以D项不符合对小镇的描述。Deserted：荒废的。
2. A 整座小镇是一个工业城镇。从这样几处细节可以看出：第一段：It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever.；第二段：Seen from a distance in such a weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own.；以及第三段：Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals。
3. C 根据第三段：But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane（理智的）. Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry.。在第一段曾把the steam-engine比喻为处于疯狂状态的大象。即：the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness.。
4. C 小镇的景色明显受着严重的工业污染。
四. 短文改错：
When Joe left university, he got a good work in a bike factory. 1. job
But after he had been worked there for some years, he decided 2. 去掉been
to have∧ change, so he put a notice in several newspapers, 3. a
saying what experiences he had and the kind of job he would 4. experience
like to have. One of the answers he accepted was from a man 5. received
was looking for a job, too. This man wrote to him, “Dear, sir, 6. 去掉was
when you get a new job, be kind enough to give your name and 7. my
address to your present boss as I have been trying to find 8. √
a position like yours for a long time.” After he reads the letter, 9. read
he suddenly realized that what he had done was real foolish. 10. really
